INTRODUCTION: Oncological diagnoses leave severe consequences on the physical, psychological and social dimensions of life. Musculoskeletal diagnoses due to impaired quality of life and suffering because of chronic pain and impaired functioning at any age represent a burden for both society and the individual. GOAL: The research was conducted with the aim of comparing the quality of life of oncology patients and patients with musculoskeletal diseases before and after physiotherapy rehabilitation. RESPONDENTS AND METHODS: There were 35 subjects in the oncology group, and 39 subjects in the musculoskeletal control group, for a total of 74 subjects. The subjects filled out the EORTC QLQ-C30 version 3 Questionnaire before starting with physiotherapy and after 10 working days of physiotherapy, as an indicator of self-assessment of quality of life. RESULTS: The data analysis showed that patients with oncological diagnoses, as well as musculoskeletal ones, have an impaired quality of life based on self-assessment of the subjects' symptoms. Differences between symptoms in the groups of respondents exist, but are not statistically significant, except for financial difficulties before physiotherapy. Analyzing the influence of physiotherapy, it reduces the total symptoms in the control group. Physical functioning significantly improves under the influence of physiotherapy in both groups. Emotional functioning improves under the influence of physiotherapy, significantly in the control group. Physiotherapy assessment in the oncology and control groups at the end of physiotherapy, through an ordinal scale, results in a better outcome, but in the comparison between the groups it is not statistically significant. Subjective self-assessment of health status and quality of life of the subjects under the influence of physiotherapy improved in the oncology group, while it significantly improved in the control group. CONCLUSION: This research and its results indicate the importance of the role and opinions of patients regarding the quality of life with oncological and musculoskeletal diagnoses, as well as the analysis of differences and concordances in their self-assessment.